BACKGROUND & AIMS: Wheat ATIs are a family of compact, highly disulphide-linked and protease-resistant proteins. They are found in the endosperm of plant seeds, where they support the natural defense against parasites and insects. Because of their general in vivo TLR4 stimulatory activity and their resistance to GI proteolysis, ATIs might play a role in classical inflammatory diseases. In this study, the authors aimed to characterize the biologic activity of ATIs in various foods and their effect on intestinal inflammation.